{"id":337,"date":"2026-01-28T14:31:33","date_gmt":"2026-01-28T13:31:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nemeckepravo.cz\/?p=337"},"modified":"2026-01-28T14:31:33","modified_gmt":"2026-01-28T13:31:33","slug":"neodvolatelna-plna-moc-mytus-nebo-realita-srovnani-noz-a-bgb","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.nemeckepravo.cz\/?p=337","title":{"rendered":"Neodvolateln\u00e1 pln\u00e1 moc: M\u00fdtus, nebo realita? Srovn\u00e1n\u00ed NOZ a BGB"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

V transak\u010dn\u00ed praxi, zejm\u00e9na p\u0159i M&A (f\u00faze a akvizice) nebo realitn\u00edch obchodech, se \u010dasto setk\u00e1v\u00e1me s po\u017eadavkem na ud\u011blen\u00ed tzv. neodvolateln\u00e9 pln\u00e9 moci (unwiderrufliche Vollmacht). Investo\u0159i \u010di banky vy\u017eaduj\u00ed jistotu, \u017ee zmocnitel (nap\u0159. prod\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed nebo dlu\u017en\u00edk) v kritick\u00e9m momentu plnou moc \u201enest\u00e1hne\u201c a nezma\u0159\u00ed tak vypo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed transakce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jako advok\u00e1ti p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00ed v \u010desk\u00e9m i n\u011bmeck\u00e9m pr\u00e1vn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed v\u0161ak nar\u00e1\u017e\u00edme na z\u00e1sadn\u00ed rozd\u00edly v tom, jak se k autonomii v\u016fle v t\u00e9to ot\u00e1zce stav\u00ed \u010desk\u00fd ob\u010dansk\u00fd z\u00e1kon\u00edk (NOZ) a n\u011bmeck\u00fd BGB. Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka zn\u00ed: lze se platn\u011b vzd\u00e1t pr\u00e1va odvolat plnou moc \u2013 a pokud ne, jak\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje jsou v praxi pou\u017eiteln\u00e9?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. \u010cesk\u00e1 \u00faprava (NOZ): odvolatelnost jako pravidlo, smluvn\u00ed limitace jen s korektivem<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u010cesk\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo tradi\u010dn\u011b poj\u00edm\u00e1 zmocn\u011bn\u00ed jako institut zalo\u017een\u00fd na d\u016fv\u011b\u0159e (fiduci\u00e1rn\u00ed prvek). Ztr\u00e1ta d\u016fv\u011bry m\u00e1 v praxi logicky v\u00e9st k mo\u017enosti zastoupen\u00ed ukon\u010dit \u2013 a z\u00e1kon tomu odpov\u00edd\u00e1 ochranou zmocnitele.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.1 \u201eNeodvolatelnost\u201c v \u010dist\u00e9 podob\u011b neobstoj\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed kogentn\u00ed pravidlo je v \u00a7 442 NOZ: zmocnitel se nem\u016f\u017ee platn\u011b vzd\u00e1t pr\u00e1va odvolat zmocn\u011bn\u00ed. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee prost\u00e9 jednostrann\u00e9 prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed typu \u201evzd\u00e1v\u00e1m se pr\u00e1va tuto plnou moc odvolat\u201c (nebo obdobn\u00e1 klauzule v pln\u00e9 moci) samo o sob\u011b nevyvol\u00e1 zam\u00fd\u0161len\u00fd \u00fa\u010dinek \u201eabsolutn\u00ed\u201c neodvolatelnosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tento z\u00e1v\u011br je prakticky podstatn\u00fd: v transak\u010dn\u00edch \u0161ablon\u00e1ch (zejm\u00e9na p\u0159evzat\u00fdch z angloamerick\u00fdch vzor\u016f) se \u010dasto objevuje \u201eirrevocable power of attorney\u201c jako standardn\u00ed institut, av\u0161ak v \u010desk\u00e9m pr\u00e1vu je nutn\u00e9 s n\u00edm zach\u00e1zet v\u00fdrazn\u011b opatrn\u011b a p\u0159esn\u011bji.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.2 Co \u010desk\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo naopak umo\u017e\u0148uje: ujedn\u00e1n\u00ed d\u016fvod\u016f odvol\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

NOZ nicm\u00e9n\u011b d\u00e1v\u00e1 stran\u00e1m prostor \u201eneodvolatelnost\u201c do ur\u010dit\u00e9 m\u00edry smluvn\u011b simulovat: strany si mohou ujednat konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed d\u016fvody, pro kter\u00e9 lze zmocn\u011bn\u00ed odvolat. Pokud takov\u00e9 ujedn\u00e1n\u00ed existuje, pak nelze zmocn\u011bn\u00ed odvolat z jin\u00e9ho d\u016fvodu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jde o d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd rozd\u00edl oproti laick\u00e9mu ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed \u201eneodvolateln\u00e9 pln\u00e9 moci\u201c: \u010desk\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo sp\u00ed\u0161e ne\u017e absolutn\u00ed z\u00e1kaz odvol\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ipou\u0161t\u00ed smluvn\u00ed omezen\u00ed (limitaci) d\u016fvod\u016f odvol\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.3 Korektiv: v\u017edy z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 \u201ezvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fd d\u016fvod\u201c<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

I tato smluvn\u00ed limitace m\u00e1 v\u0161ak nep\u0159ekro\u010diteln\u00fd limit: m\u00e1-li zmocnitel pro odvol\u00e1n\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fd d\u016fvod, m\u016f\u017ee zmocn\u011bn\u00ed odvolat i mimo ujednan\u00e9 d\u016fvody. V praxi to typicky dopad\u00e1 na situace, kdy je d\u016fv\u011bra objektivn\u011b naru\u0161ena, zmocn\u011bnec jedn\u00e1 v rozporu se z\u00e1jmy zmocnitele, doch\u00e1z\u00ed k exces\u016fm ze zmocn\u011bn\u00ed, ke st\u0159etu z\u00e1jm\u016f apod.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.4 Praktick\u00fd z\u00e1v\u011br pro \u010cR<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u201e\u010cist\u00e1\u201c neodvolateln\u00e1 pln\u00e1 moc ve smyslu absolutn\u00edho vzd\u00e1n\u00ed se pr\u00e1va odvolat v \u010desk\u00e9m pr\u00e1vu neexistuje. Funk\u010dn\u00ed transak\u010dn\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 sp\u00ed\u0161e v tom, \u017ee:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  • omez\u00edte d\u016fvody odvol\u00e1n\u00ed v podkladov\u00e9 smlouv\u011b (mand\u00e1t, SPA, escrow ujedn\u00e1n\u00ed apod.),<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • jasn\u011b vymez\u00edte \u00fa\u010del pln\u00e9 moci a jej\u00ed rozsah,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • a sou\u010dasn\u011b po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1te s t\u00edm, \u017ee p\u0159i \u201ezvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e9m d\u016fvodu\u201c bude odvol\u00e1n\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    D\u016fkazn\u00ed situace pak b\u00fdv\u00e1 sporn\u00e1: kdo tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee odvol\u00e1n\u00ed bylo (ne)opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00e9, nese typicky b\u0159emeno tvrzen\u00ed a d\u016fkazn\u00ed b\u0159emeno k tomu, zda zde (ne)byl zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fd d\u016fvod, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b zda byly (ne)napln\u011bny smluvn\u011b sjednan\u00e9 d\u016fvody odvol\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    2. N\u011bmeck\u00e1 \u00faprava (BGB): smluvn\u00ed svoboda op\u0159en\u00e1 o podkladov\u00fd vztah, ale bez \u201ebezb\u0159eh\u00e9\u201c neodvolatelnosti<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    N\u011bmeck\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo tradi\u010dn\u011b pracuje s odd\u011blen\u00edm (abstrakc\u00ed) vnit\u0159n\u00edho z\u00e1vazkov\u00e9ho vztahu a vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho zmocn\u011bn\u00ed. Pro praxi to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee \u201eunwiderrufliche Vollmacht\u201c je v n\u011bmeck\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed b\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a zpravidla l\u00e9pe \u201edr\u017e\u00edc\u00ed\u201c konstrukce ne\u017e v \u010cR \u2013 av\u0161ak ani v N\u011bmecku nejde o absolutn\u00ed institut.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    2.1 Opora v \u00a7 168 BGB: \u201esofern sich nicht \u2026 ein anderes ergibt\u201c<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed pravidlo k z\u00e1niku Vollmacht stanov\u00ed \u00a7 168 BGB: z\u00e1nik pln\u00e9 moci se \u0159\u00edd\u00ed existenc\u00ed podkladov\u00e9ho pr\u00e1vn\u00edho pom\u011bru (Grundverh\u00e4ltnis) a Vollmacht je odvolateln\u00e1, pokud z tohoto pom\u011bru neplyne n\u011bco jin\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Pr\u00e1v\u011b tato \u010d\u00e1st (\u201epokud z tohoto pom\u011bru neplyne n\u011bco jin\u00e9ho\u201c) je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1: n\u011bmeck\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo v\u00fdslovn\u011b p\u0159ipou\u0161t\u00ed, \u017ee vnit\u0159n\u00ed vztah m\u016f\u017ee zalo\u017eit ujedn\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 odvolatelnost omezuje \u010di vylu\u010duje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    2.2 Kdy je \u201eunwiderrufliche Vollmacht\u201c typicky platn\u00e1: Sicherungsinteresse<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    V praxi se neodvolatelnost akceptuje zejm\u00e9na tehdy, kdy\u017e slou\u017e\u00ed zaji\u0161\u0165ovac\u00edmu \u00fa\u010delu a chr\u00e1n\u00ed vlastn\u00ed legitimn\u00ed z\u00e1jem zmocn\u011bnce nebo t\u0159et\u00ed osoby (Sicherungsinteresse). Typick\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem je zaji\u0161\u0165ovac\u00ed pln\u00e1 moc ve prosp\u011bch banky pro p\u0159\u00edpad realizace zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed (nap\u0159. prodej zastaven\u00e9 nemovitosti p\u0159i defaultu).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Samoz\u0159ejm\u00fdm limitem z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed dobr\u00e9 mravy (\u00a7 138 BGB): konstrukce, kter\u00e1 by nep\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u011b svazovala zmocnitele, zneu\u017e\u00edvala jeho slab\u0161\u00ed postaven\u00ed nebo obch\u00e1zela ochrann\u00e9 normy, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt neplatn\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    2.3 Ani v N\u011bmecku nen\u00ed \u201eabsolutn\u00ed\u201c neodvolatelnost<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    N\u011bmeck\u00e1 doktr\u00edna i judikatura pracuj\u00ed s t\u00edm, \u017ee i u \u201eunwiderrufliche Vollmacht\u201c z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 mo\u017enost odvol\u00e1n\u00ed z d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9ho d\u016fvodu (aus wichtigem Grund). T\u00edmto d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm d\u016fvodem b\u00fdv\u00e1 zejm\u00e9na z\u00e1sadn\u00ed naru\u0161en\u00ed d\u016fv\u011bry, zneu\u017eit\u00ed pln\u00e9 moci, st\u0159et z\u00e1jm\u016f, zpronev\u011bra \u010di jin\u00e9 jedn\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 \u010din\u00ed pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed zastoupen\u00ed ne\u00fanosn\u00fdm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    V praxi proto plat\u00ed: neodvolatelnost je v N\u011bmecku re\u00e1ln\u00fd a b\u011b\u017en\u00fd n\u00e1stroj, ale nen\u00ed \u201enezni\u010diteln\u00e1\u201c \u2013 v\u017edy existuje ochrann\u00e1 pojistka pro extr\u00e9mn\u00ed situace.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    3. Komparativn\u00ed synt\u00e9za: lze se zav\u00e1zat k neodvolatelnosti?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    \u010cesk\u00e1 republika (NOZ)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
      \n
    • Ne v prost\u00e9 form\u011b: nelze se platn\u011b vzd\u00e1t pr\u00e1va odvolat zmocn\u011bn\u00ed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Ano omezen\u011b: lze smluvn\u011b vymezit (limitovat) d\u016fvody odvol\u00e1n\u00ed; mimo n\u011b odvol\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1sadn\u011b nejde.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Limit: v\u017edy z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 mo\u017enost odvolat p\u0159i \u201ezvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e9m d\u016fvodu\u201c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

      \u010cesk\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup je tedy sp\u00ed\u0161e ochran\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd v\u016f\u010di zmocniteli a vych\u00e1z\u00ed z toho, \u017ee d\u016fv\u011bra je pro zastoupen\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      N\u011bmecko (BGB)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
        \n
      • Ano: odvolatelnost lze v podkladov\u00e9m vztahu omezit \u010di vylou\u010dit, typicky p\u0159i Sicherungsinteresse.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • Limit: v\u017edy z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 mo\u017enost odvolat z d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9ho d\u016fvodu; nav\u00edc plat\u00ed obecn\u00e9 limity dobr\u00fdch mrav\u016f (\u00a7 138 BGB).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

        N\u011bmeck\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup je v\u00edce transak\u010dn\u011b orientovan\u00fd: neodvolatelnost je standardn\u00ed instrument, pokud m\u00e1 racion\u00e1ln\u00ed (zejm\u00e9na zaji\u0161\u0165ovac\u00ed) funkci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        4. Praktick\u00fd dopad pro \u010desko\u2011n\u011bmeck\u00fd styk (M&A a reality)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

        V p\u0159eshrani\u010dn\u00edch transakc\u00edch je nutn\u00e9 \u010d\u00edst \u201eirrevocable power of attorney \/ unwiderrufliche Vollmacht\u201c v\u017edy optikou rozhodn\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \n
        • Pokud p\u0159ipravujete SPA nebo realitn\u00ed dokumentaci podl\u00e9haj\u00edc\u00ed \u010desk\u00e9mu pr\u00e1vu, nep\u0159eb\u00edrejte anglickou klauzuli \u201eirrevocable POA\u201c mechanicky. Vhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je:\n
            \n
          • vytvo\u0159it podkladovou smlouvu, kter\u00e1 jasn\u011b vymez\u00ed \u00fa\u010del zmocn\u011bn\u00ed,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • sjednat konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed d\u016fvody odvol\u00e1n\u00ed (a t\u00edm prakticky sn\u00ed\u017eit riziko \u201eodvol\u00e1n\u00ed na posledn\u00ed chv\u00edli\u201c),<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • a kombinovat to s dal\u0161\u00edmi zaji\u0161\u0165ovac\u00edmi n\u00e1stroji (escrow, z\u00e1stava, podm\u00ednky pln\u011bn\u00ed, not\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd z\u00e1pis se svolen\u00edm k vykonatelnosti, smluvn\u00ed pokuta apod.).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • Pokud je rozhodn\u00fdm pr\u00e1vem n\u011bmeck\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo, je \u201eunwiderrufliche Vollmacht\u201c standardn\u00ed a zpravidla vymahateln\u00e1, pokud slou\u017e\u00ed legitimn\u00edmu \u00fa\u010delu (zejm\u00e9na Sicherungsinteresse). St\u00e1le ale doporu\u010duji textov\u011b o\u0161et\u0159it:\n
              \n
            • \u00fa\u010del a hranice zmocn\u011bn\u00ed,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            • zaji\u0161\u0165ovac\u00ed funkci (pro\u010d je neodvolatelnost od\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00e1),<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            • a po\u010d\u00edtat s t\u00edm, \u017ee p\u0159i \u201ewichtiger Grund\u201c bude odvol\u00e1n\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

              Zdroje<\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
                \n
              • Z\u00e1kon \u010d. 89\/2012 Sb., ob\u010dansk\u00fd z\u00e1kon\u00edk, zejm\u00e9na \u00a7 442 a souvisej\u00edc\u00ed \u00faprava zmocn\u011bn\u00ed a z\u00e1niku zmocn\u011bn\u00ed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              • B\u00fcrgerliches Gesetzbuch (BGB), zejm\u00e9na \u00a7 168 a \u00a7 138.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              • Lavick\u00fd, P. a kol.: Ob\u010dansk\u00fd z\u00e1kon\u00edk I. Obecn\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st (\u00a7 1\u2013654). Koment\u00e1\u0159. 2. vyd\u00e1n\u00ed. Praha: C. H. Beck, 2022.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              • Palandt\/Gr\u00fcneberg: B\u00fcrgerliches Gesetzbuch, Kommentar. C. H. Beck, M\u00fcnchen (aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed vyd\u00e1n\u00ed dle roku publikace).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                Autor: JUDr. Tom\u00e1\u0161 Mach, LL.M., Ph.D.
                Datum: 28. 1. 2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                V transak\u010dn\u00ed praxi, zejm\u00e9na p\u0159i M&A (f\u00faze a akvizice) nebo realitn\u00edch obchodech, se \u010dasto setk\u00e1v\u00e1me s po\u017eadavkem na ud\u011blen\u00ed tzv. neodvolateln\u00e9 pln\u00e9 moci (unwiderrufliche Vollmacht). […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":338,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-337","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nezarazene"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nemeckepravo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/337","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nemeckepravo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nemeckepravo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nemeckepravo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nemeckepravo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=337"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.nemeckepravo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/337\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":339,"href":"https:\/\/www.nemeckepravo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/337\/revisions\/339"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nemeckepravo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/338"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nemeckepravo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=337"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nemeckepravo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=337"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nemeckepravo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=337"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}