{"id":346,"date":"2026-02-17T15:39:12","date_gmt":"2026-02-17T14:39:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nemeckepravo.cz\/?p=346"},"modified":"2026-02-17T15:41:59","modified_gmt":"2026-02-17T14:41:59","slug":"scheinselbststandigkeit-a-svarcsystem-v-cesko-nemeckem-kontextu-komparativni-analyza-materialnich-znaku-zavisle-prace-a-odpovednostnich-rezimu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.nemeckepravo.cz\/?p=346","title":{"rendered":"Scheinselbstst\u00e4ndigkeit a \u201e\u0161varcsyst\u00e9m\u201c v \u010desko-n\u011bmeck\u00e9m kontextu: komparativn\u00ed anal\u00fdza materi\u00e1ln\u00edch znak\u016f z\u00e1visl\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce a odpov\u011bdnostn\u00edch re\u017eim\u016f"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

1. \u00davod<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Problematika zast\u0159en\u00e9ho zam\u011bstn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159edstavuje v podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch voln\u00e9ho pohybu slu\u017eeb v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 t\u00e9ma nejen pracovn\u011bpr\u00e1vn\u00ed, ale i soci\u00e1ln\u011bpr\u00e1vn\u00ed a trestn\u011bpr\u00e1vn\u00ed. \u010cesk\u00fd pojem \u201e\u0161varcsyst\u00e9m\u201c nen\u00ed z\u00e1konn\u00fdm term\u00ednem, n\u00fdbr\u017e doktrin\u00e1ln\u00edm ozna\u010den\u00edm pro v\u00fdkon z\u00e1visl\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce mimo pracovn\u011bpr\u00e1vn\u00ed vztah. N\u011bmeck\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 pojem Scheinselbstst\u00e4ndigkeit, jen\u017e je systematicky zakotven zejm\u00e9na v oblasti soci\u00e1ln\u00edho zabezpe\u010den\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zat\u00edmco \u010desk\u00fd model je prim\u00e1rn\u011b zalo\u017een na spr\u00e1vn\u011bpr\u00e1vn\u00edm postihu, n\u011bmeck\u00fd pr\u00e1vn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed komplexn\u00ed syst\u00e9m odpov\u011bdnosti propojuj\u00edc\u00ed pracovn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo, pr\u00e1vo soci\u00e1ln\u00edho zabezpe\u010den\u00ed, da\u0148ov\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo a trestn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. \u010cesk\u00e1 doktr\u00edna z\u00e1visl\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.1 Normativn\u00ed z\u00e1klad<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Z\u00e1visl\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce je vymezena v \u00a7 2 odst. 1 z\u00e1kon\u00edku pr\u00e1ce\u00b9. Doktrin\u00e1ln\u00ed literatura zd\u016fraz\u0148uje, \u017ee jde o leg\u00e1ln\u00ed definici obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed demonstrativn\u00ed v\u00fd\u010det znak\u016f\u00b2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Podle B\u011bliny je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm prvkem osobn\u00ed z\u00e1vislost zam\u011bstnance, kter\u00e1 se projevuje p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pod\u0159\u00edzenost\u00ed a povinnost\u00ed \u0159\u00eddit se pokyny zam\u011bstnavatele\u00b3. Dr\u00e1pal a Bury\u00e1nek upozor\u0148uj\u00ed, \u017ee znak \u201ejm\u00e9nem zam\u011bstnavatele\u201c vyjad\u0159uje za\u010dlen\u011bn\u00ed do organiza\u010dn\u00ed struktury zam\u011bstnavatele\u2074.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.2 Materi\u00e1ln\u00ed pojet\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010cesk\u00e1 doktr\u00edna vych\u00e1z\u00ed z materi\u00e1ln\u00edho pojet\u00ed pracovn\u00edho pom\u011bru. Jak uv\u00e1d\u00ed Pichrt, form\u00e1ln\u00ed ozna\u010den\u00ed smlouvy nem\u016f\u017ee p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017eit nad faktick\u00fdm v\u00fdkonem pr\u00e1ce\u2075. Tento p\u0159\u00edstup je konzistentn\u00ed s judikaturou Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho spr\u00e1vn\u00edho soudu\u2076.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Odborn\u00e1 literatura poukazuje na skute\u010dnost, \u017ee \u010desk\u00fd model postihu je p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b administrativn\u00ed a nevede automaticky k trestn\u011bpr\u00e1vn\u00edm d\u016fsledk\u016fm\u2077.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. N\u011bmeck\u00e1 doktr\u00edna Scheinselbstst\u00e4ndigkeit<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.1 \u00a7 7 SGB IV a osobn\u00ed z\u00e1vislost<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Podle \u00a7 7 odst. 1 SGB IV\u2078 je zam\u011bstn\u00e1n\u00ed nesamostatnou prac\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na ve vztahu osobn\u00ed z\u00e1vislosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Koment\u00e1\u0159 Kasseler Kommentar k \u00a7 7 SGB IV zd\u016fraz\u0148uje, \u017ee ur\u010duj\u00edc\u00edm krit\u00e9riem je m\u00edra integrace do ciz\u00ed podnikov\u00e9 organizace a re\u00e1ln\u00e9 podnikatelsk\u00e9 riziko\u2079. Hauck\/Noftz konstatuj\u00ed, \u017ee absence vlastn\u00edho kapit\u00e1lov\u00e9ho rizika a rozhodovac\u00ed autonomie indikuje zam\u011bstnaneck\u00fd status\u00b9\u2070.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.2 Judikatura BAG a BSG<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Judikatura Bundesarbeitsgericht akcentuje osobn\u00ed z\u00e1vislost jako kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 rozli\u0161ovac\u00ed krit\u00e9rium\u00b9\u00b9. Bundessozialgericht rozvinul test ekonomick\u00e9ho a organiza\u010dn\u00edho za\u010dlen\u011bn\u00ed\u00b9\u00b2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erfurter Kommentar zum Arbeitsrecht shrnuje, \u017ee rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed je faktick\u00fd v\u00fdkon \u010dinnosti, nikoli deklarovan\u00e1 smluvn\u00ed autonomie\u00b9\u00b3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Trestn\u00ed odpov\u011bdnost podle \u00a7 266a StGB<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

4.1 Systematika skutkov\u00e9 podstaty<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a7 266a StGB postihuje neodveden\u00ed zam\u011bstnaneck\u00fdch i zam\u011bstnavatelsk\u00fdch odvod\u016f\u00b9\u2074. Koment\u00e1\u0159 Fischer ke StGB uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee skutkov\u00e1 podstata chr\u00e1n\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00ed stabilitu syst\u00e9mu soci\u00e1ln\u00edho zabezpe\u010den\u00ed\u00b9\u2075.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subjektivn\u00ed str\u00e1nka vy\u017eaduje \u00famysl, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e posta\u010duje eventu\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00famysl\u00b9\u2076. BGH ve sv\u00e9 judikatu\u0159e dovodil, \u017ee v\u011bdom\u00e9 akceptov\u00e1n\u00ed rizika nespr\u00e1vn\u00e9 kvalifikace m\u016f\u017ee naplnit subjektivn\u00ed str\u00e1nku\u00b9\u2077.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4.2 Doktrin\u00e1ln\u00ed diskuse<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u011bmeck\u00e1 literatura (nap\u0159. Joecks\/J\u00e4ger) upozor\u0148uje na problematiku tzv. normativn\u00edho omylu p\u0159i slo\u017eit\u00fdch kvalifika\u010dn\u00edch ot\u00e1zk\u00e1ch pracovn\u00edho pr\u00e1va\u00b9\u2078. P\u0159esto je praxe pom\u011brn\u011b restriktivn\u00ed p\u0159i uzn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed omluviteln\u00e9ho pr\u00e1vn\u00edho omylu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. Proml\u010den\u00ed a ve\u0159ejnopr\u00e1vn\u00ed d\u016fsledky<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Podle \u00a7 25 odst. 1 SGB IV \u010din\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00ed proml\u010dec\u00ed lh\u016fta \u010dty\u0159i roky\u00b9\u2079. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b \u00famysln\u00e9ho kr\u00e1cen\u00ed je t\u0159icetilet\u00e1\u00b2\u2070.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Literatura poukazuje na to, \u017ee tato konstrukce m\u00e1 v\u00fdrazn\u00fd preventivn\u00ed efekt\u00b2\u00b9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6. Agenturn\u00ed zam\u011bstn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a A\u00dcG<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gesetz zur Regelung der Arbeitnehmer\u00fcberlassung (A\u00dcG) upravuje poskytov\u00e1n\u00ed pracovn\u00ed s\u00edly\u00b2\u00b2. Koment\u00e1\u0159 Sch\u00fcren\/Hamann zd\u016fraz\u0148uje, \u017ee nepovolen\u00e9 poskytov\u00e1n\u00ed pracovn\u00ed s\u00edly vede k fikci pracovn\u00edho pom\u011bru dle \u00a7 10 A\u00dcG\u00b2\u00b3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tento aspekt m\u00e1 z\u00e1sadn\u00ed v\u00fdznam p\u0159i p\u0159eshrani\u010dn\u00edch struktur\u00e1ch, kde \u010desk\u00e1 spole\u010dnost fakticky pouze \u201edod\u00e1v\u00e1\u201c pracovn\u00ed kapacitu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7. P\u0159eshrani\u010dn\u00ed koordinace a A1<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed (ES) \u010d. 883\/2004\u00b2\u2074 koordinuje syst\u00e9my soci\u00e1ln\u00edho zabezpe\u010den\u00ed. Soudn\u00ed dv\u016fr EU ve v\u011bci C-620\/15 A-Rosa Flussschiff potvrdil z\u00e1vaznost potvrzen\u00ed A1\u00b2\u2075.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Literatura (nap\u0159. Fuchs, Europ\u00e4isches Sozialrecht) upozor\u0148uje, \u017ee ochrana plynouc\u00ed z A1 se nevztahuje na pracovn\u00ed kvalifikaci vztahu jako takov\u00e9ho\u00b2\u2076.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8. Komparativn\u00ed synt\u00e9za<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Z komparativn\u00edho hlediska lze identifikovat:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. Konvergenci materi\u00e1ln\u00edch krit\u00e9ri\u00ed<\/strong> \u2013 osobn\u00ed z\u00e1vislost, integrace, absence rizika.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. Divergenci odpov\u011bdnostn\u00edho modelu<\/strong> \u2013 \u010desk\u00fd model je p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b spr\u00e1vn\u011bpr\u00e1vn\u00ed, n\u011bmeck\u00fd je integrovan\u00fd a v\u00edcevrstv\u00fd.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. Vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed preventivn\u00ed funkci n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va<\/strong> \u2013 zejm\u00e9na prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm trestn\u00ed odpov\u011bdnosti a prodlou\u017een\u00fdch proml\u010dec\u00edch lh\u016ft.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    N\u011bmeck\u00fd syst\u00e9m lze teoreticky charakterizovat jako model \u201eintegrovan\u00e9 ochrany soci\u00e1ln\u00edho st\u00e1tu\u201c, zat\u00edmco \u010desk\u00fd model akcentuje ochranu trhu pr\u00e1ce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    9. Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Scheinselbstst\u00e4ndigkeit p\u0159edstavuje komplexn\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u00ed institut, jeho\u017e v\u00fdznam p\u0159esahuje oblast pracovn\u00edho pr\u00e1va a zasahuje do ve\u0159ejnopr\u00e1vn\u00edch odpov\u011bdnostn\u00edch re\u017eim\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Pro \u010desk\u00e9 subjekty p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00ed v N\u011bmecku je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 pochopit, \u017ee riziko nespo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 pouze v p\u0159ekvalifikov\u00e1n\u00ed smlouvy, ale v navazuj\u00edc\u00ed kumulaci soci\u00e1ln\u00edch, da\u0148ov\u00fdch a trestn\u00edch d\u016fsledk\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Komparativn\u00ed anal\u00fdza ukazuje, \u017ee rozd\u00edl mezi ob\u011bma pr\u00e1vn\u00edmi \u0159\u00e1dy nen\u00ed prim\u00e1rn\u011b v definici z\u00e1visl\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce, n\u00fdbr\u017e v syst\u00e9mov\u00e9 intenzit\u011b jej\u00ed ochrany.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Cita\u010dn\u00ed apar\u00e1t: <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    1. \u00a7 2 z\u00e1kona \u010d. 262\/2006 Sb., z\u00e1kon\u00edk pr\u00e1ce.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    2. Srov. B\u011aLINA, M. a kol. Z\u00e1kon\u00edk pr\u00e1ce. Koment\u00e1\u0159.<\/em> Praha: C. H. Beck, aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed vyd\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    3. Tamt\u00e9\u017e.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    4. DR\u00c1PAL, L.; BURY\u00c1NEK, J. a kol. Z\u00e1kon\u00edk pr\u00e1ce. Koment\u00e1\u0159.<\/em> Praha: C. H. Beck.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    5. PICHRT, J. Neleg\u00e1ln\u00ed pr\u00e1ce a \u0161varcsyst\u00e9m v \u010desk\u00e9m pr\u00e1vu.<\/em> Praha: Wolters Kluwer.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    6. Rozsudek NSS ze dne 29. 9. 2010, \u010d. j. 2 Ads 88\/2010-69.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    7. Srov. MOR\u00c1VEK, J. in: B\u011aLINA, M. a kol., op. cit.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    8. \u00a7 7 SGB IV.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    9. KASSELer Kommentar zum Sozialversicherungsrecht, \u00a7 7 SGB IV.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    10. HAUCK\/NOFTZ, SGB IV Kommentar.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    11. BAG, Urteil vom 25. 9. 2013 \u2013 10 AZR 282\/12.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    12. BSG, Urteil vom 31. 3. 2017 \u2013 B 12 R 7\/15 R.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    13. ERFURTER Kommentar zum Arbeitsrecht, \u00a7 611a BGB.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    14. \u00a7 266a StGB.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    15. FISCHER, T. Strafgesetzbuch und Nebengesetze. Kommentar.<\/em> M\u00fcnchen: C. H. Beck.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    16. Tamt\u00e9\u017e.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    17. BGH, Urteil vom 24. 9. 2015 \u2013 1 StR 94\/15.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    18. JOECKS, W.; J\u00c4GER, C. Studienkommentar StGB.<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n
    19. \u00a7 25 odst. 1 SGB IV.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    20. \u00a7 25 odst. 1 v\u011bta 2 SGB IV.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    21. HAUCK\/NOFTZ, op. cit.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    22. A\u00dcG.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    23. SCH\u00dcREN, P.; HAMANN, W. A\u00dcG Kommentar.<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n
    24. Na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed (ES) \u010d. 883\/2004.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    25. C-620\/15, A-Rosa Flussschiff.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    26. FUCHS, M. Europ\u00e4isches Sozialrecht.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      1. \u00davod Problematika zast\u0159en\u00e9ho zam\u011bstn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159edstavuje v podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch voln\u00e9ho pohybu slu\u017eeb v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 t\u00e9ma nejen pracovn\u011bpr\u00e1vn\u00ed, ale i soci\u00e1ln\u011bpr\u00e1vn\u00ed a trestn\u011bpr\u00e1vn\u00ed. \u010cesk\u00fd pojem \u201e\u0161varcsyst\u00e9m\u201c nen\u00ed z\u00e1konn\u00fdm […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":348,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-346","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nezarazene"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nemeckepravo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/346","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nemeckepravo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nemeckepravo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nemeckepravo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nemeckepravo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=346"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.nemeckepravo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/346\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":350,"href":"https:\/\/www.nemeckepravo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/346\/revisions\/350"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nemeckepravo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/348"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nemeckepravo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=346"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nemeckepravo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=346"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nemeckepravo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=346"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}